Tcp ip protocol in pdf

A protocol is an agreed-upon set of rules. In human terms, we use social protocols to know how to behave and communicate with other people. When computers all use the same protocol, information can be transferred.

Communication was more complicated when people first started to exchange information between computers. It soon became clear that an agreed-upon standard was needed that permitted computers from all vendors to communicate with each other. IP is the part that obtains the address to which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been found. Think of it this way: The IP address is like the phone number assigned to your smartphone.

TCP is all the technology that makes the phone ring, and that enables you to talk to someone on another phone. They are different from one another, but they are also meaningless without one another. Department of Defense to specify how computers transfer data from one device to another. If the system were to send the whole message in one piece, and if it were to encounter a problem, the whole message would have to be re-sent.

In fact, each packet could take a different route to the other computer, if the first route is unavailable or congested. Each layer has a different function. Data goes through four individual layers before it is received on the other end as explained in the following section. The purpose of the layers is to keep things standardized, without numerous hardware and software vendors having to manage communication on their own.

It also means that certain layers can be updated, such as to improve performance or security, without having to upgrade the entire thing. Its model is split into four distinct layers. Used together, they can also be referred to as a suite of protocols.

The datalink layer also called the link layer, network interface layer, or physical layer is what handles the physical parts of sending and receiving data using the Ethernet cable, wireless network, network interface card, device driver in the computer, and so on. The internet layer also called the network layer controls the movement of packets around the network.

The transport layer is what provides a reliable data connection between two devices. It divides the data in packets, acknowledges the packets that it has received from the other device, and makes sure that the other device acknowledges the packets it receives.

The application layer is the group of applications that require network communication. This is what the user typically interacts with, such as email and messaging. When the packets are being transmitted between computers, they are vulnerable to being seen by others. A VPN is the best way to ensure your data is effectively encrypted and packets are protected as they travel between networks. Get it for Android , iOS , Mac. Get it for Mac , PC , Android. There are several kinds of IP addresses.

Usually these matters are managed by whoever sets up your computer operating system or mobile device. But for clarity:. Static IP addresses stay the same all the time. They are like the fixed address on your house, an unchanging address. Dynamic IP addresses change, or at least they are designed to change. To learn more about this distinction, see Static vs. IPv6 addresses. Millions of people use it every day, even if they don't realize it.

The Transmission Control Protocol provides flow-control, connection establishment, and reliable transmission of data. It provides a uniform networking interface that hides the actual topology layout of the underlying network connections. It is therefore also referred to as the layer that establishes internetworking, indeed, it defines and establishes the Internet.

The primary protocol in this scope is the Internet Protocol, which defines IP addresses. Its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next IP router that has the connectivity to a network closer to the final data destination. This layer includes the protocols used to describe the local network topology and the interfaces needed to effect transmission of Internet layer datagrams to next- neighbor hosts [6]. The Internet protocol suite and the layered protocol stack design were in use before the OSI model was established.

The basic packet consists of a header with the sending and receiving systems' addresses, and a body, or payload, with the data to be transferred. When a protocol on the sending system adds data to the packet header, the process is called data encapsulation [7]. Moreover, each layer has a different term for the altered packet, as shown in the following figure. Information in the IP header includes the IP addresses of the sending and receiving hosts, the datagram length, and the datagram sequence order.

This information is provided if the datagram exceeds the allowable byte size for network packets and must be fragmented. When an RST packet is transmitted or received, information on as many as 10 packets, which were just transmitted, is logged with the connection information. While developed separately, they have been historically tied, as mentioned above, since 4.

NAT works because of the assumption that, in this example, no more than 27 of the 64 hosts will ever be accessing the Internet at a single time.

The scheme works because every host on the user's network can be assigned an IP address from the pool of RFC private addresses; since these addresses are never seen on the Internet, this is not a problem. Consider the scenario shown in Figure 3. Port numbers are used by higher layer protocols e. The server's port number is defined by the standards while client port numbers can be any number greater than The scenario in Figure 7 shows the following three connections: www.

PAT works in this scenario as follows. Both of these solutions work and work fine, but they require that every packet be buffered, disassembled, provided with a new IP address, a new checksum calculated, and the packet reassembled.

In addition, PAT requires that a new port number be placed in the higher layer protocol data unit and new checksum calculated at the protocol layer above IP, too. With NAT, only the servers need to be renumbered [9]. While some pure OSI protocol applications, such as X. This often results in a model with five layers, where the link layer or network access layer is split into the OSI model's layers 1 and 2.

The IETF protocol development effort is not concerned with strict layering. It only requires that hardware and a software layer exists that is capable of sending and receiving packets on a computer network. As a result, the suite has been implemented on essentially every computing platform. Most IP implementations are accessible to programmers www. Microcontroller firmware in the network adapter typically handles link issues, supported by driver software in the operating system.

Non-programmable analog and digital electronics are normally in charge of the physical components below the link layer, typically using an application-specific integrated circuit chipset for each network interface or other physical standard.

High-performance routers are to a large extent based on fast non-programmable digital electronics, carrying out link level switching. For providing us with his special advice and guidance for this project. Finally, we express our heartiest gratefulness to the Almighty and our parents who have courageous throughout our work of the project.

Zaman S. May , Onut and A. Tamilarasan, S. Mukkamala, A. Sung, and K. Sung, S. Golovko, L. Vaitsekhovich, P. Kochurko and U. Gao, H. Yang, X.